The English language is a fickle thing. It rejects its own rules, makes exceptions for others and still experiences a great deal of infighting (looking at you, Oxford comma). Part of this is to blame on English’s complicated history — but it’s also a greedy language that likes to pluck words from other languages to use as its own.
All of these factors make it difficult to determine the languages closest to English. It would be easy to think that English is closest to French, because of all the shared vocabulary, or German, since English is a Germanic language. However, figuring out which language is closest is a little more complicated than you might think. Let’s see why.
1. The Closest Relative To The English Language: Scots
The closest language to English is arguably Scots. We say arguably as the language is often regarded more as a dialect of English than an actual language. In fact, according to a 2010 study by the Scottish government, 64% of Scottish citizens don’t consider it a distinct language. Many linguists, on the other hand, point out that English and Scots diverged during the Middle English period hundreds of years ago, and thus shouldn’t be lumped together.
So before we discard Scots entirely from the top of our list, it’s worth seeing for yourself if you think Scots is mutually intelligible with English. Take, for example, probably the most popular usage of Scots in the world: Robert Burns’ poem Auld Lang Syne. You’ve probably heard it many times, but can you say exactly what it means?
We can definitively say that Scots is closely related to English because they both developed from Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Because of the political divide, Scots was the primary language of Scotland until the union of the Scottish and English parliaments in 1707. From here, English became the language of government and religion, and slowly also overtook common speech. In spite of that, Scots has not disappeared but remains a vital part of Scottish identity.
2. The Closest (Definitely Distinct) Language: Frisian
If you’re looking for the closest relative to English that is definitely a distinct language, the answer is Frisian. Frisian is a group of three languages spoken in parts of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. It’s a West Germanic language that shares 80 percent lexical similarity with English. Take a look at how English and Frisian dialects compare with phrases like “Welcome” and “Good Morning.”
| West Frisian | North Frisian | Saterland Frisian |
| Wolkom | Wäljkiimen | Wäilkuumen |
| Goeie moarn | Moin | Moarn |
While there are only around 720,000 Frisian native speakers today, Frisian was a popular language in the middle ages. The Kingdom of Frisia was an independent territory for several hundred years until bad flooding crippled the population. Starting around 1500, Dutch became the official language of the region and Frisian has been in decline since then.
3. The Closest Major Language To English: Dutch
Speaking of Dutch, the next closest relative on our list is none other than this lowlands language. Like Frisian and English, Dutch is another West Germanic language that developed from Proto-Germanic. Because of this, Dutch possesses many words and phrases similar to English and has a similar grammatical structure.
Take a look at the Dutch phrase: Ik heb een probleem. It translates directly to “I have a problem,” in English — and you probably figured that out anyway based on how similar they are. It’s easy to see how the grammatical structure mimics what comes naturally to English-speaking folks.
It’s no wonder then that this language is considered one of the easiest languages for English speakers to learn — and that Dutch speakers are typically the most fluent non-native anglophones around. As a bonus, English is also quite similar to Afrikaans, a South African language that’s based on Dutch but includes more indigenous vocabulary and influence.
4. Namesake Of The Root Language Of English: German
Anyone who’s tried learning German can attest that it’s a pretty difficult language to learn, but, like all the various tongues on this list so far, it descended from Proto-Germanic language. That’s why English and German share a great deal of vocabulary.
For an example of just how much vocabulary and grammar Germanic languages share, take a look at a couple of examples between German, Dutch and English:
| German | Dutch | English |
| kreativ | creatief | creative |
| Wasser | water | water |
| Haus | huis | house |
| besser | beter | better |
All of this overlap in pronunciation and meaning means that despite German’s very different grammar, English and German are still 60% lexically similar. If not for their very different approaches to word order, gender and other matters of syntax, German and English would be very close. Modern Standard German is based on “High German” varieties, which helps explain why its grammar and word order feel more complex to native English speakers.
5. Another Language Similar To English: Norwegian
For the next closest language to English on our list, we finally have a language that’s not from the West Germanic family: Norwegian. Don’t get too excited though, because it’s still a language with Germanic roots — it’s just a Northern Germanic language.
So besides the same language family background as the previous languages, what makes English so similar to the language of Norway? Well, from the 8th to the 11th centuries, the British Isles experienced countless Viking invasions. These Vikings brought their language, Old Norse, along with them during their pillaging, and a sizable amount of Norse vocabulary ended up in modern English.
6. An Extended Family Language: French
Sacre bleu! The language that English speakers appear to find the chicest is not a particularly close relative! More of a relative through marriage, really. That said, linguists have found that English and French are 27% lexical similar, and there are many words of French origin that English speakers use every day. That’s even excluding the French phrases that have been so normalized in English it’s almost a faux pas not to know them.
For any budding linguists out there, you might be wondering why English is so close to French when French is from another family, the Romance languages. While there certainly are many differences between English and French, most of this borrowed vocabulary came from another invasion of Britain, the Norman Invasion.
In 1066, the Duke of Normandy conquered much of modern-day England and switched the language of the elite to Old French. If you ever decide to learn French, you can thank him for the more than 1,500 shared cognates that you won’t need to relearn. Because French evolved from Latin, many of the words English borrowed during and after the Norman Invasion ultimately derive from Latin-based roots. The two languages have continued to intermix even today, though now English is taking a more dominant role, with the increased use of “Englishisms” in French, like “week-end,” “sandwich” and “parking.”
Final Thoughts for English Speakers
So, which language is most similar to English? As we’ve seen, the answer depends on what you mean by “similar.” If you’re looking at common roots, English clearly belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, which explains its close relationship with languages like Scots, Frisian and German. These linguistic connections show up in familiar vocabulary, overlapping sounds, and sentence structures that often feel intuitive to English-speaking people.
At the same time, similarity isn’t just about family trees. Translation ease, mutual intelligibility, and learning experience all matter, too. While Frisian is the closest living relative on paper, it’s not widely spoken. Dutch, on the other hand, strikes a compelling balance: it’s closely related, relatively easy to decode, and spoken by millions. German, though famously more complex in its grammar, still has deep historical and linguistic ties with English — especially when it comes to core vocabulary.
Then there’s French, which reminds us that similarity isn’t always about ancestry. Despite belonging to a different branch entirely, French has left an outsized imprint on English words through centuries of contact, conquest and cultural exchange. This mix of Germanic structure and Romance vocabulary is part of what makes English such a flexible — and sometimes confusing — language today.
Ultimately, English isn’t closest to just one language. It sits at a crossroads of influences, shaped by history as much as by linguistics. Understanding those connections doesn’t just satisfy curiosity; it can also make learning new languages feel more approachable, familiar and rewarding.